TheChineselanguagehasnotensebuthasaspects.Itreliesonaspectualparticlestoexpresshowanactionorstaterelatestotheflowoftime.AmongallChineseaspectualparticles,le(了)isthemostfrequentlyusedandisnotoriouslyelusivefornon-nativespeakerstograsp.ChineseAspectualParticlele:AComprehensiveGuideisentirelydevotedtole.Itpresentsasystematicanalysisofleandincludesdetailedillustrationsofitsusage.Breakingledownintole1andle2,thisbookillustrateshowle1formstheperfectiveaspect:whenitisobligatory,incompatible,oroptional,andwhenlecanbeinterchangeablewithguo(过)andzhe(着).Itshowshowle2denotesachangeofstate,performsasamodalparticle,andisusedindiscourse.BycomparingChinesegrammarwiththatofEnglishwheneverrelevant,thebookmakestheusageoflemoreassessibletoEnglishspeakers.Italsocontainsaplethoraofillustrativesentences,awiderangeofvocabulary,andabundantculturalinformation.
